From: Subject: Ethnic minorities in the inner city Date: Tue, 7 Mar 2006 20:33:37 -0300 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C64226.69A131C0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C64226.69A131C0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/spr988.asp Ethnic minorities in the inner city
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September 1998 Ref=20 - 988
Ethnic minorities in the inner city=20

Most of = Britain's ethnic=20 minority population lives in the major cities, particularly = the=20 inner city. Given the high levels of deprivation in inner = cities,=20 most tend to live in deprived areas. This analysis, by = Richard=20 Dorsett of the Policy Studies Institute, explores where=20 concentrations of people from different ethnic minority = groups are=20 likely to occur and examines the factors which influence = this. He=20 found that:

In = terms of=20 deprivation:=20
  • Pakistanis and = Bangladeshis are most=20 likely to live in the most deprived wards. White people = live in=20 wards with the lowest levels of deprivation.=20
  • However, there is = variation between=20 conurbations. This is most noticeable in the case of=20 Indians/African-Asians. In London, this group lives in = wards with=20 a lower level of deprivation than do white people but in = the West=20 Midlands lives in wards with a higher level of deprivation = than=20 white people. 
    =
In terms of population concentration:=20
  • The ethnic minority = population is=20 concentrated in the major cities, particularly London. = Whilst=20 concentration is usually highest in inner cities, in = London it is=20 highest in the outer city area.=20
  • White people live in areas = of low=20 ethnic minority population regardless of their level of=20 deprivation. This is shown most powerfully in London = where,=20 despite having levels of deprivation similar to those of = some=20 ethnic minority groups, they always live in areas with = much=20 smaller ethnic minority populations.=20
  • Although owner-occupiers = are less=20 likely to live in deprived wards, they are more likely to = live in=20 wards with a high concentration of ethnic minority groups. = This is=20 particularly the case for South Asians in London, with = this group=20 tending to build communities in wards of relative = affluence.
  • The researcher concludes = that=20 significant variations between minorities justify a = separate focus=20 on the different minority ethnic groups in terms of both=20 deprivation and population concentration - in recognition = of the=20 fact that these two characteristics do not always go = hand-in-hand.=20

Background =

People from ethnic minority = groups are=20 over-represented in deprived inner-city areas. However, = there are=20 significant differences between ethnic minority groups.=20 Socio-economic characteristics exert an important = influence.=20

The reasons for living in a = particular=20 conurbation are likely to be largely historical. Location = within=20 that conurbation is likely to be more closely related to = current=20 circumstances. For this reason, this study concentrates on = the=20 characteristics of wards relative to their particular=20 conurbation.=20

The = concentration of=20 particular groups

High concentration of people = from ethnic=20 minority communities is principally an urban characteristic. = It is=20 more typical of London than of other cities. However, unlike = other=20 cities, concentration in London is higher in the outer city = than the=20 inner city. London and the West Midlands are the two = conurbations=20 with the highest concentration of people from ethnic = minority=20 groups.=20

Overall, Bangladeshis and = Pakistanis live=20 in wards with the highest concentrations of people from = ethnic=20 minorities. Across all conurbations, Indians/African-Asians = and=20 Pakistanis tend to live in wards where their own ethnic = group=20 accounts for approximately half of all minority ethnic = groups.=20 However, there are some differences between = conurbations:=20

  • In the West Midlands, the = Caribbean,=20 Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations are more = concentrated than=20 they are in London but the Indian population is more = dispersed.=20 For African-Asians, the difference between the two = conurbations is=20 more marginal.=20
  • Pakistanis in West = Yorkshire live in=20 wards with the highest concentration of any ethnic = minority group=20 in any conurbation.=20
  • In London, in contrast = with other=20 conurbations, the proportion of the population from an = ethnic=20 minority is highest in the outer part of the city. This = suggests=20 that there is something different about the inner and = outer city=20 divide in London compared with other cities.=20
  • Chinese people in London = tend to live=20 in wards with a very low minority concentration.=20
  • Controlling for individual = variation,=20 white people living in the West Midlands are less likely = to live=20 in areas with a high ethnic minority concentration than = they are=20 in London. For Caribbeans, the reverse is true. The effect = is more=20 mixed for South Asian people. In the West Midlands, = Pakistanis=20 and, especially, Bangladeshis tend to live in wards with a = higher=20 level of concentration than they do in London. For Indian = and=20 African-Asian Hindus, living in the West Midlands is = associated=20 with living in wards with a lower concentration. This = effect is=20 particularly marked for Indians.=20
  • There is a noticeable = 'South Asian=20 effect' in London; controlling for individual variation, = Indian=20 and African-Asian Hindus, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis all = live in=20 wards with high levels of concentration. Caribbeans live = in wards=20 with lower levels of concentration than the South = Asians.=20

What = affects=20 concentration

In addition the study = identified a number=20 of characteristics which affected whether people were likely = to live=20 in areas with a high concentration of people from ethnic = minority=20 groups:=20

Ethnic and social=20 background=20

  • There is some tendency for = more recent=20 immigrants to live in wards with a high ethnic minority=20 concentration.=20
  • Those who are not fluent = in English=20 are more likely to live in areas with a higher ethnic = minority=20 concentration.=20
  • Those in the highest = social class live=20 in areas with a lower concentration of ethnic minority=20 communities. This effect is more marked for white people = than for=20 other ethnic groups, with the exception of Indian and=20 African-Asian Hindus in the highest social classes. =

Religion=20

  • For Indians, Muslims are = the most=20 likely to live in areas of high concentration, with Sikhs = living=20 in areas with the lowest concentration. For = African-Asians,=20 however, it is the Hindus who live in the areas of highest = ethnic=20 minority concentration. For all three religions, these = links are=20 more marked for Indians than for African-Asians. =

Household = composition=20

  • Individuals in all-white = partnerships=20 live in wards with the lowest levels of concentration, = followed by=20 those in mixed white/minority partnerships. =

Skills and = employment=20

  • For ethnic minorities, = those on lower=20 incomes tend to live in areas with higher concentration. = For white=20 people, there is no association.=20
  • Similarly, while being = educated to at=20 least A-level has little effect on concentration for white = people,=20 it is associated with lower concentration for ethnic=20 minorities.=20
  • The more paid workers = there are in a=20 household, the less likely they are to live in areas with = a high=20 concentration of ethnic minority population. =

Tenure=20

  • Owner-occupation increases = concentration for all ethnic minority groups, apart from = those who=20 have bought from social housing, who are in wards with the = lowest=20 concentration.=20
  • People from ethnic = minority groups who=20 rent privately are in the wards with the highest=20 concentration.

Levels of = deprivation=20

Levels of deprivation for the = population=20 as a whole are higher in the urban areas than elsewhere. As = well as=20 having the largest ethnic minority populations, London has = the=20 highest level of deprivation, with the West Midlands the = second=20 highest level. Inner city wards as a whole have higher = levels of=20 deprivation than those in outer cities.=20

White people consistently = live in wards=20 with a lower level of deprivation than do people from ethnic = minorities The exception to this is in inner London where = levels of=20 deprivation are broadly similar (deprivation for white = people is=20 higher in London than in other cities). Across all = conurbations,=20 Bangladeshis live in the most deprived wards, followed by = Pakistanis=20 and Caribbeans. Indians live in wards with a slightly higher = level=20 of deprivation than do African-Asians and Chinese people. It = is=20 Pakistanis and Bangladeshis who are most likely to live in = the most=20 deprived wards. White people live in wards with the lowest = levels of=20 deprivation.=20

There is considerable = variation across=20 conurbations. This is most noticeable in the case of=20 Indians/African-Asians. In London, this group lives in wards = with a=20 lower level of deprivation than do white people but in the = West=20 Midlands lives in wards with a higher level of deprivation = than=20 white people.=20

  • In London, white people = tend to live=20 in wards with a higher level of deprivation than Indian = and=20 African-Asian Hindus. Pakistanis and Chinese people tend = to live=20 in wards with equal levels of relative deprivation. = Bangladeshis=20 and, in particular, Caribbeans live in the most deprived=20 wards.=20
  • In the West Midlands, = white people=20 live in the wards with the lowest levels of relative = deprivation=20 by a substantial margin, despite their deprivation being = slightly=20 higher than that of white people in London. For most other = ethnic=20 groups, deprivation is much higher than in London. =

Factors = associated with=20 deprivation

The study identified a number = of personal=20 characteristics and socio-economic factors which were = associated=20 with living in a deprived ward.=20

Social = background=20

  • Being in a higher social = class is=20 associated with lower relative deprivation. =

Religion=20

  • Respondents for whom = religion is very=20 important live in more deprived wards than those with no = religion=20 or for whom religion is not important.=20
  • Among South Asians, = Muslims tend to=20 live in wards with a high level of relative deprivation = and a high=20 minority ethnic concentration. Hindus and Sikhs, on the = other=20 hand, live in wards with quite high concentration but a = low level=20 of deprivation.=20
  • Among Indians and = African-Asians,=20 Sikhs live in wards with a slightly lower level of = relative=20 deprivation than do Hindus. Conversely, Muslims live in = wards with=20 a higher level of deprivation.

Household = composition=20

  • Where a family is mixed, = with a white=20 member plus a member from a minority ethnic group, the = level of=20 deprivation is very low, comparable to that of all-white=20 partnerships. Although those in all-Indian partnerships = may live=20 in areas of low deprivation, they may also live in areas = of high=20 minority concentration.=20
  • Couples tend to live in = wards with=20 lower deprivation. They also tend to live in more mixed=20 populations, although this pattern is not nearly so = marked.=20

Skills and = employment=20

  • Higher levels of = qualification are=20 associated with lower levels of deprivation. The same = overall=20 pattern is evident when considering minority = concentration, albeit=20 less marked.=20
  • For minorities, being = educated to=20 A-level standard or higher reduces the level of=20 deprivation.=20
  • Individuals with higher = incomes are=20 less likely to live in deprived wards.=20
  • The more paid workers = there are in a=20 household, the lower is the level of general deprivation = of the=20 ward in which they live. For ethnic minorities, = concentration=20 varies in a similar way.=20
  • Households with a higher = level of=20 income are more likely to be in wards with a low level of=20 deprivation and ethnic minority concentration. =

Tenure=20

  • For all ethnic groups, = owner-occupiers=20 are more likely to live in areas with lower relative = deprivation=20 than are people who rent.=20
  • Those who own or are = buying property=20 which was previously privately owned live in less deprived = wards=20 than those with other types of tenure. People from ethnic=20 minorities who are in social housing or shared = accommodation live=20 in the most deprived areas.

Summary =

To sum up, white people = appear to live in=20 areas of low ethnic minority population regardless of their = level of=20 deprivation. This is shown most powerfully in London where, = despite=20 having levels of deprivation similar to those of some ethnic = minorities, white people always live in areas with much = smaller=20 ethnic minority populations.=20

Another important point is = the extent to=20 which there is a 'South Asian effect' in London, with this = group=20 tending to build communities in wards of relative = affluence.=20

The relationship between = personal=20 characteristics/circumstances and deprivation is as = expected: those=20 individual characteristics which are commonly associated = with a=20 lower standard of living are also associated with living in = a=20 deprived area.=20

Concentration is more = interesting. Many=20 of the same associations with individual characteristics are = found=20 as when considering deprivation. There are some notable = differences,=20 however. For example, whereas owner-occupiers are less = likely to=20 live in deprived wards, they are more likely to live in = wards with a=20 high concentration of ethnic minority groups. After = controlling for=20 other factors, this suggests the possibility of a = 'community' of=20 relatively affluent ethnic minority owner-occupiers.=20

Conclusion =

This research was intended to = enable=20 regeneration policy to focus more sharply on ethnic issues. = The=20 results support a separate focus on different minority = ethnic groups=20 since there are significant variations in the extent to = which=20 different ethnic minority groups live in areas of high = deprivation=20 and minority concentration.=20

The experience of South = Asians (with the=20 exception of Bangladeshis) in outer London, who live in = wards of=20 relative affluence yet high minority concentration, is = illuminating.=20 It demonstrates that economic progress is not inevitably = tied to=20 geographic dispersion. Residential location for ethnic = minorities is=20 the result of a complex interplay of choices and = constraints. The=20 researcher therefore concludes that distinct policies are = needed to=20 address the separate issues of deprivation and = concentration.=20

About the = study=20

This analysis was based on = data from the=20 Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities, which was = carried out=20 in 1994. This is a nationally representative sample of 5,196 = people=20 of Caribbean and Asian origin together with a comparison = sample of=20 2,867 white people. This was supplemented by area = information taken=20 from the 1991 Census and from the Department of = Environment's Index=20 of Local Conditions.=20

How to get = further=20 information

A full report, Ethnic = minorities in=20 the inner city by Richard Dorsett, is published by The = Policy=20 Press in association with the Foundation (ISBN 1 86134 130 = X, price=20 =A312.95).=20

Click on the 'order = report' icon in=20 the left margin to order online.=20

Back=20 to top

   

Privacy = policy |=20 Terms and = conditions |=20 Accessibility=20 statement

=A9 Joseph Rowntree Foundation=20 2005
 

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