Your continued=20 donations keep Wikipedia = running!

Geography of the United Kingdom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,=20 search

=20

The United Kingdom = occupies a=20 substantial part of the British=20 Isles.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or=20 UK, is in Western Europe. = It=20 comprises the island of Great Britain = (England, Scotland and Wales) and = the=20 northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern = Ireland),=20 together with many smaller islands. The mainland areas lie between = latitudes=20 49=C2=B0N and 59=C2=B0N (the Shetland = Islands reach=20 to nearly 61=C2=B0N), and longitudes 8=C2=B0W to 2=C2=B0E. The Royal = Greenwich=20 Observatory, near London, is the defining = point of=20 the Prime Meridian. = The=20 United Kingdom has a total area of approximately 245,000 km=C2=B2.

The UK lies between the North Atlantic Ocean = and the North Sea,=20 and comes within 35 km (22 miles) of the northwest = coast of France, = from which=20 it is separated by the English = Channel.=20 Northern Ireland shares a 360 km international land boundary with = the Republic of = Ireland.=20 The Channel Tunnel=20 ("Chunnel"), bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with=20 France.

1 Physical=20 geography=20
- 1.1 Mountains = and=20 hills=20
- 1.2 Rivers and=20 lakes=20
- 1.3 Artificial=20 waterways=20
- 1.4 Coastline=20
  
  1.4.1 Inlets=20
  1.4.2 Headlands
- 1.5 Islands=20
- 1.6 Climate=20
2 Human = geography=20
- 2.1 Political=20 geography=20
  
  2.1.1 National=20 government=20
  2.1.2 Local=20 government
- 2.2 Demographics=20
- 2.3 Economic=20 geography=20
  
  2.3.1 Primary = industry=20
  2.3.2 Manufacturing=20
  2.3.3 Finance = and=20 services=20
  2.3.4 Regional=20 disparity
3 Natural=20 resources=20
4 Environment=20
- 4.1 Current=20 issues=20
- 4.2 International=20 agreements
5 See = also=20
6 References=20
7 External = links=20

[edit]

Physical geography

=20

UK's topography

=20

As this geological map of Great=20 Britain demonstrates, the geology of the UK=20 is varied and complex.

The physical = geography of=20 the UK varies greatly. It includes the chalk cliffs of Kent and Dorset, the rolling = hills and=20 fields of southeast England, the granite cliffs of Cornwall, the mountains of=20 Wales, the uplands of the Peak District = and the Pennines, the lakes and = mountains of=20 Cumbria, the=20 Scottish lowlands, highlands = and islands= , and=20 the fields, lakes and mountains of Northern Ireland. The country can be = roughly=20 divided into highland and lowland along the Tees-Exe = line.

The overall geomorphology of = the UK=20 was shaped by the combined forces of tectonics and climate change, = in=20 particular glaciation.

The exact centre of the island of Great Britain is = disputed.=20 Depending upon how it is calculated it can be either Haltwhistle in Northumberland, = or Dunsop=20 Bridge in Lancashire.

Main article: Geolo= gy of the=20 United Kingdom.

The geology=20 of the United Kingdom is varied and complex. This gives rise to the wide = variety=20 of landscapes found across the UK. This variety, coupled with the early = efforts=20 of UK based scientists and geologists to understand it, has influenced = the=20 naming of many geological concepts, including many of the geological = periods=20 (for example, the Ordovician period = is named=20 after the Ordovices, a people = of early=20 Britain; the Devonian period is = named after=20 the county of Devon=20 in south-west England).

The oldest rocks in the UK are gneisses which date = from at least=20 2,700 Ma ("Ma" means "millions of years ago") in the Archaean Period, = which are=20 found in the far north west of Scotland and in the Hebrides, with a few = small=20 outcrops elsewhere. South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks = forming=20 the North West Highlands = and Grampian=20 Highlands in Scotland, as well as the Connemara, Donegal and Mayo=20 mountains of north Ireland. These are essentially the remains of folded = sedimentary = rock,=20 deposited over the gneiss, from 1,000 Ma, with a notable 7 km = thick=20 layer of Torridon=20 Sandstone being deposited about 800 Ma, as well as the debris deposited by an = ice = sheet=20 670 Ma.

The remains of ancient volcanic islands = underlie much=20 of central England with small outcrops visible in many places. Around=20 600 Ma, the Cadomian=20 Orogeny (mountain building period) caused the English and Welsh = landscape to=20 be transformed into a mountainous region, along with much of north west = Europe.

The Welsh Skiddaw slate deposits formed at = around=20 500 Ma, during the Ordovician Period. = At about=20 this time, around 425 Ma, north Wales (and south Mayo in=20 Ireland) experienced volcanic activity. = The remains=20 of these volcanoes are still visible, for example Rhobell Fwar, dating = from=20 510 Ma. Large quantities of volcanic lava and ash known as the = Borrowdale=20 Volcanics covered both Wales and the Lake District, = still seen=20 in the form of mountains such as Helvellyn and Scafell=20 Pike.

In the Silurian Period, = between 425=20 and 400 Ma, the Caledonian fold mountains formed (the Caledonian = Orogeny),=20 covering much of what is now the UK to perhaps 8,000 feet = (2,500 m)=20 thick. Volcanic ashes and lavas deposited during this period are still = found in=20 the Mendip Hills and = in Pembrokeshire.

Volcanic deposits formed Ben Nevis in the Devonian Period.=20 Sea levels varied considerably, with the coastline advancing and = retreating from=20 north to south across England, and with the deposition of numerous = sedimentary=20 rock layers. The Old Red = Sandstone of=20 Devon = gave the=20 period its name, though deposits are found in many other places.

During the Carboniferous = Period,=20 around 360 Ma, the UK was lying at the equator, covered by the warm = shallow=20 waters of the Rheic Ocean, = during which=20 time the Carboniferous limestone was deposited, still found in areas = such as the=20 Mendip=20 Hills and the Pennines. The coal=20 measures were formed at this time, in river deltas, swamps and rain forests. Coal = can be=20 found in many areas of the UK, as far North as Sutherland and as far = south as Kent, though = it has=20 largely been mined in the Midlands, northern = England and=20 Wales. Also formed were the Millstone=20 Grits.

During the Permian and Triassic Periods, = much of the=20 UK was beneath shallow seas, leading to the deposition of sedimentary = rocks such=20 as shale,=20 limestone, gravel, and marl. The seas finally = receded to=20 leave a flat desert with salt pans.

At the beginning of the Jurassic Period, the = UK was=20 under-water again, leading to the deposition of sedimentary rocks which = now=20 underlie much of England from the Cleveland=20 Hills of Yorkshire to the Jurassic Coast = in Dorset, = including clays, = sandstones, and=20 the oolitic=20 limestone of the Cotswold Hills. = The=20 burial of algae and=20 bacteria=20 below the mud of the sea floor during this time resulted in the = formation of North=20 Sea oil and natural gas.

In the Cretaceous Period, = much of=20 the UK was again below the sea and chalk and flints were deposited = over much of=20 Great Britain. These are now notably exposed at the White Cliffs of Dover, and = form Salisbury = Plain, the Chiltern Hills, = the South=20 Downs and other similar features.

The last volcanic rocks in the UK were formed in the early Tertiary Period, = between 63 and=20 52 Ma, with the major eruptions that formed the Antrim Plateau = and the basaltic = columns of=20 the Giant's = Causeway.=20 Further sediments were deposited over southern England, including the London=20 clay, while the English = Channel=20 consisted of mud flats and river = deposited=20 sands.

The major changes during the last few million years, during the Quaternary=20 Period, have been brought about by several recent ice ages, leaving a = legacy of=20 U-shaped valleys in highland areas, and fertile (if often stoney) soil = in=20 southern England.

[edit]

Mountains and hills

=20

At 1,344 metres, Ben Nevis is the = highest peak=20 in the UK. The summit = is out of=20 sight to the left, and the neighbouring peak of Carn Mor Dearg = is visible=20 to the right.

Main article: Mou= ntains of=20 the United Kingdom

The ten tallest mountains in the UK = are all=20 found in Scotland. The highest peaks in each part of the UK are:

Scotland: Ben Nevis (Nevis=20 Range, 1,344 metres)=20
Wales: Snowdon (Cambrian = Mountains,=20 1,085 metres)=20
England: Scafell Pike = (Cumbrian = Mountains,=20 977 metres)=20
Northern Ireland: Slieve Donard = (Mourne = Mountains,=20 852 metres)

The ranges of mountains and hills in the UK = include:

Scotland: Cairngorms, Cheviot Hills, = Scottish = Highlands,=20 Southern = Uplands=20
Wales: Brecon = Beacons, Cambrian = Mountains,=20 Snowdonia=20
England: Chilterns, Cotswolds,=20 Dartmoor,=20 Exmoor, Lake=20 District, Malvern = Hills, Mendip=20 Hills, North Downs, Peak=20 District, Pennines, Salisbury = Plain, South=20 Downs, Shropshire = Hills=20
Northern Ireland: Mountains of = Mourne, Antrim=20 Plateau, Sperrin = Mountains=20

The lowest point of the UK is in the Fens of East=20 Anglia, in England, parts of which lie up to 4 m below sea level.

[edit]

Rivers and lakes

Main articles

The longest river in the UK is the River Severn=20 (220 miles, 354 km) which flows through both Wales and = England.

The longest rivers in the UK are:

England: River Thames=20 (215 miles, 346 km)=20
Scotland: River Tay = (117 miles,=20 188 km)=20
N. Ireland: River Bann = (76 miles,=20 122 km)=20
Wales: River Towy = (64 miles,=20 103 km)

The largest lakes in the UK are:

N. Ireland: Lough Neagh=20 (147.39 sq mi)=20
Scotland: Loch Lomond=20 (27.46 sq mi)=20
England: Windermere = (5.69 sq mi)=20
Wales: Lake Vyrnwy=20 (3.18 sq mi)

The deepest lake in the UK is Loch Morar with a = maximum=20 depth of 309 metres (Loch Ness is second = at=20 228 metres deep). The deepest lake in England is Wastwater which = descends to 79=20 metres = (258 feet).

[edit]

Artificial waterways

Main articles: Wat= erways in=20 the United Kingdom, Canals= of the=20 United Kingdom, Reservoirs=20 and dams in the United Kingdom

As a result of its industrial history, the United Kingdom has an = extensive=20 system of canals,=20 mostly built in the early years of the Industrial=20 Revolution, before the rise of competition from the railways. The United = Kingdom=20 also has numerous dams=20 and reservoirs = to store=20 water for drinking and industry. The generation of hydroelectric = power=20 is rather limited, supplying less than 2% of British electricity mainly = from the=20 Scottish Highlands.

[edit]

Coastline

=20

United Kingdom maritime claims

The UK has a coastline which measures approximately 12,429 km = (although=20 this is a somewhat arbitrary figure since, being a fractal, the length of = the=20 coastline will increase as the unit with which is it measured = decreases). The=20 heavy indentation of the coastline helps to ensure that no location is = more than=20 125 km from tidal waters.

The UK claims jurisdiction over the continental = shelf, as=20 defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon=20 boundaries, an exclusive fishing zone of 200 n. miles, and = territorial=20 sea of 12 n. miles.

[edit]

Inlets

[edit]

Headlands

This list is incomple= te;=20 you can help by expanding=20 it.

The geology of the UK is such that there are many headlands = along its=20 coast, here are some of the most notable ones:

Cornwall=20
- Lands=20 End=20
- The=20 Lizard=20
- Cape = Cornwall
Cumbria=20
- Furness=20
Devon=20
- Start = Point=20
- Berry Head=20
- Hartland=20 Point
Dorset=20
- Old Harry = Rocks=20
East Sussex=20
- Beachy Head =
Kent=20
- North = Foreland=20
Sutherland=20
- Cape Wrath =
Swansea=20
- Gower = Peninsula=20
Wigtownshire=20
- Rhins of = Galloway=20
Yorkshire=20
- Flamborough = Head=20

[edit]

Islands

Main article: Islands = of the=20 United Kingdom

In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of around 1098 small = islands, some being natural and some being man-made crannogs, which were = built in=20 past times using stone and wood and which were enlarged by natural waste = building up over time.

Islands = of=20 England=20
- Lundy=20
- Isles of = Scilly=20
- Isle of = Wight=20
- Farne = Islands=20
- Lindisfarne=20
- Isle of = Portland=20

Islands= of=20 Scotland=20
- Orkney = Islands=20
- Shetland = Islands=20
- Inner = Hebrides=20
- Outer = Hebrides=20
- Rockall=20
- Bass=20 Rock=20
- Fair=20 Isle

Islands = of=20 Wales=20
- Anglesey=20
- Skomer = Island=20
- Skokholm = Island=20
- Ramsey = Island=20
- Bardsey = Island=20
- Holy Island=20

Islands=20 of Northern Ireland=20
- Rathlin = Island=20

[edit]

Climate

Main article: Clima= te of the=20 United Kingdom

The climate of the UK varies, but is generally temperate, though=20 significantly warmer than some other locations at similar latitude, such = as=20 central Poland,=20 due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream. In = general, the=20 south is warmer and drier than the north.

The prevailing winds are southwesterly, from the North = Atlantic=20 Current. More than 50% of the days are overcast. There are few = natural=20 hazards, although there can be strong winds and floods, especially in=20 winter.

Average annual rainfall varies from over 3,000 mm (120 inches) in the Scottish = Highlands=20 down to 553 mm (21.8 in) in Cambridge. The = county of Essex is one of = the=20 driest in the UK, with an average annual rainfall of around 600 mm=20 (24 inches), although it typically rains on over 100 days per year. = In some=20 years rainfall in Essex can be below 450 mm (18 inches), less = than the=20 average annual rainfall in Jerusalem and Beirut.

The highest temperature recorded in the UK was 38.5=C2=B0C at Brogdale, near Faversham, in=20 the county of Kent,=20 on August=20 10, 2003. The=20 lowest was -27.2=C2=B0C recorded at Braemar in the Gramp= ian=20 Mountains, Scotland, on February 11, 1895 and January 10, 1982 and Altnaharra, also in = Scotland,=20 on December 30, 1995.

[edit]

Human geography

=20

The United Kingdom = is divided=20 into four parts: England, Northern = Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

[edit]

Political geography

Main article: Poli= tics of=20 the United Kingdom

[edit]

National government

The UK is governed as a whole by the Pa= rliament=20 of the United Kingdom.

The UK is divided into four nations; England, Northern = Ireland, Scotland and Wales. = Each of these=20 has its own brand of national government:

Northern Ireland - Northern = Ireland=20 Assembly (currently suspended)=20
Scotland - Scottish=20 Parliament=20
Wales - Welsh = Assembly=20
England - None overall - the current Labour government has stated = that it=20 believes England too large to host a single Assembly. Proposals for = elected Regi= onal=20 Assemblies in England seem unlikely to progress in the short term=20 following the rejection of an Assembly for the North East = England=20 in a referendum. = See Government = of=20 England.

The UK (specifically, Northern Ireland) has an international land = boundary=20 with the Republic of = Ireland=20 of 360 km. There is also a boundary between the jurisdiction of = France and=20 of the UK on the Channel Tunnel.

[edit]

Local government

Main article: Local=20 government of the United Kingdom

Each part of the UK is subdivided in further local governmental = regions:

England: Unitary = Authorities,=20 county = councils, district=20 councils, parish = councils=20
Wales: Principal = areas,=20 communities=20
Scotland: Council = areas, communities=20
Northern Ireland: Distr= icts=20

Historically the UK was divided into traditional=20 counties or shires: administrative = areas=20 through which all civil responsibilities = of the government=20 were passed. There are eighty six traditional=20 counties across the whole of the UK. Each county or shire had a county=20 town as its administrative centre and was divided into individual parishes = that were=20 defined along ecclesiastic=20 boundaries.

Between 1889 (1890 in = Scotland) and 1974, the = political=20 boundaries were based on the traditional counties, but due to changes in = population centres, the traditional counties became impractical as local = government areas in certain highly urbanised areas. The Local = Government=20 Act 1972 created a new system of administrative counties, designed = to take=20 account of the widely differing populations across different parts of = the=20 country.

In the 1990s=20 further population growth led to more political changes on a local = level. Unitary = authorities=20 were formed across the entire of Scotland and Wales, and in larger cities in England. Many = unpopular=20 administrative counties were also abolished at this time, leading to a = mixture=20 of two-tier and single-purpose authorities. Further reorganisations are = planned=20 if and when regional assemblies in England are revisited in the = future.

[edit]

Demographics

Ethnic groups in the = UK
White	92%
Mixed	1%
Asian or British Asian	4%
Black or Black British	2%
Chinese	0.5%
Other	0.5%

Main article: = Demographics=20 of the United Kingdom, Lan= guages in=20 the United Kingdom

At the April 2001=20 census, the UK's=20 population was 58,789,194, the third-largest in the European Union = (behind Germany and=20 metropolitan France) and the = 21st-largest in=20 the world. As of July 2004, = the=20 population of the UK was estimated to be 60,270,708. This is based on a=20 projection of average population growth from the time of the 2001 census of the UK. = Around 27=20 million people identify themselves as Anglicans, 9 = million=20 as Roman Catholic, = 1 million=20 as Muslim,=20 400,000 as Sikh,=20 350,000 as Hindu=20 and 300,000 as Jewish.

English is = spoken=20 almost universally, although with a variety of accents and dialects (for = example, Received=20 Pronunciation, Estuary = English, Geordie). Other=20 indigenous languages include Welsh (spoken = by about=20 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish Gaelic = (spoken by=20 about 60,000 in Scotland), Cornish, Irish=20 Gaelic and various dialects of Scots. Other = minority=20 languages include Hindi, Urdu, Gujerati, Punjabi and Bengali, brought by = immigrants=20 from elsewhere in the Commonwealt= h of=20 Nations.

The overall population density of the UK is one of the highest in the = world.=20 Almost one-third of the population lives in England's prosperous and = fertile=20 southeast and is predominantly urban and suburban, with about = 7.2 million=20 in the capital of London. The UK has many = other=20 large population centres, including Birmingham, Manchester,=20 Liverpool,=20 Newcastle upon = Tyne,=20 Sheffield,=20 Leeds, = Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff, Swansea, and Belfast.

[edit]

Economic geography

Main article: Economic=20 geography of the United Kingdom

The economic geography of the UK reflects not only its current = position in=20 the global economy, but its long history both as a trading nation and an = imperial = power.

The UK led the industrial=20 revolution and its highly urban character is a legacy of this, with = all its=20 major cities being current or former centres of all forms of = manufacturing.=20 However, this in turn was built on its exploitation of natural = resources,=20 especially coal and=20 iron=20 ore.

[edit]

Primary industry

The UK's primary industry was once dominated by the coal industry, heavily = concentrated=20 in the north, the Midlands and south=20 Wales. This is all but gone and the major primary industry is North=20 Sea oil. Its activity is concentrated on the UK=20 Continental Shelf to the north-east of Scotland.

[edit]

Manufacturing

At one time or another virtually every product that can be imagined = has been=20 made in the UK. In particular its heavy manufacturing drove the = industrial=20 revolution. A map of the major UK cities gives a good picture of where = this=20 activity occurred, in particular Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, London, Manchester, Newcastle, = Nottingham.

Today there is no heavy manufacturing industry in which UK-based = firms can be=20 considered world leaders. However, the Midlands in = particular remains=20 a strong manufacturing centre.

More recently, high technology firms have concentrated largely along = the M4=20 motorway, partly because of access to Heathrow = Airport, but=20 also because of agglomeration economies.

[edit]

Finance and services

Once, every great city had a stock exchange. = Now, the=20 UK financial industry is concentrated overwhelmingly in the City=20 of London and Canary Wharf, = with back=20 office and administrative operations often dispersed around the south of = England. London is one of the world's great financial centres and is = usually=20 referred to as a world city.

[edit]

Regional disparity

The combined effect of changing economic fortune has created the = so-called North-South=20 divide, in which decaying industrial areas of the north of England = contrast=20 with the wealthy, finance and technology led southern economy.

This has led successive governments to develop regional = policy to try=20 and rectify the imbalance.

This is not to say that the south is uniformly wealthy: some of the = worst=20 pockets of deprivation can be found in London, especially east = London.

[edit]

Natural resources

Main article: Econo= my of the=20 United Kingdom

Historically, much of the United Kingdom was forested. Since prehistoric times, = man has=20 deforested much = of the=20 United Kingdom.

Agriculture is intensive= , highly=20 mechanised, and = efficient=20 by European=20 standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labour = force.=20 It contributes around 2% of GDP. = Around two=20 thirds of production is devoted to livestock, one third = to arable = crops.

In 1993, it was estimated that land use was:

Arable land: 25 = %=20
Permanent = crops: 0 %=20
Permanent=20 pastures: 46 %=20
Forests and=20 Woodland:=20 10 %=20
Other: 19 %=20
Irrigated: = 1,080 km=C2=B2=20

The UK has a variety of natural resources including:

Geological: coal, petroleum, natural=20 gas, limestone, chalk, gypsum,silica, rock salt, china=20 clay, iron ore,=20 tin, silver, gold, lead.=20
Agricultural: arable land, wheat, = barley, hill=20 farms, sheep =

The UK has large coal, natural gas, and = oil reserves;=20 primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, = one of the=20 highest shares of any industrial = nation. Due=20 to the island location of the UK, the country has great potential for = generating=20 electricity from wave power and tidal=20 power, although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial = basis.

[edit]

Environment

[edit]

Current issues

The United Kingdom is reducing greenhouse gas = emissions. It=20 has met Kyoto Protocol = target of=20 a 12.5 % reduction from 1990 levels and intends = to meet the=20 legally binding target of a 20 % cut in emissions by 2010. By 2005, the government aims = to reduce=20 the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill = sites to=20 85 % of 1998 levels=20 and to recycle or compost at least 25 % of household waste, increasing = to 33 %=20 by 2015. = Between=20 1998-99 = and 1999-2000, = household=20 recycling increased from 8.8 % to 10.3 %.

[edit]

International agreements

The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, = including:=20 Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen = Oxides, Air=20 Pollution-Sulphur=20 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental=20 Protocol, Antarctic-Marine=20 Living Resources, Antarctic=20 Seals, Antarctic = Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate=20 Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification= ,=20 Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of = the=20 Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone = Layer=20 Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands and Whaling.

The UK has signed, but not ratified, the international agreement on = Air=20 Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants.

[edit]

References

[edit]

External links

Retrieved from "htt= p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom"

Categories:=20 Incomplet= e=20 lists | Geography=20 of the United Kingdom

Views

Art= icle=20
Discussion=20
Edit=20 this page=20
History=20

Personal tools

Sign=20 in / create account

Search

Toolbox

What=20 links here=20
Related=20 changes=20
Upload=20 file=20
Special = pages=20
Printable=20 version=20
Permanent=20 link
Cite=20 this article

In other languages

=D0=91=D1=8A=D0=BB=D0=B3=D0=B0=D1=80=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8=20
Espa=C3=B1ol=20
Fran=C3=A7ais=20
=D7=A2=D7=91=D7=A8=D7=99=D7=AA=20
Portugu=C3= =AAs=20

This page was last modified 22:36, 28 February 2006.=20
All text is available under the terms of the GNU=20 Free Documentation License (see Copyrights= =20 for details).
Wikipedia=C2=AE is a registered trademark of the = Wikimedia=20 Foundation, Inc.
Privacy = policy=20
About = Wikipedia=20
Discla= imers=20

if (window.runOnloadHook) = runOnloadHook();

Geography of the United Kingdom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

Physical geography

Mountains and hills

Rivers and lakes

Artificial waterways

Coastline

Inlets

Headlands

Islands

Climate

Human geography

Political geography

National government

Local government

Demographics

Economic geography

Primary industry

Manufacturing

Finance and services

Regional disparity

Natural resources

Environment

Current issues

International agreements

See also

References

External links

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Toolbox

In other languages